Use of Southampton Scoring for Wound Healing in Post-surgical Patients: Our Experience in Semi-urban Setup
Article Information
Kedar Gorad1, Vaidyanath Rahate2, Girish Shinde3, Gautam Taralekar3*, Vinod Prabhu1, Lokesh Singh4
1Department of General Surgery, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, 416416, Maharashtra, India
2Prakash institute of Medical Science and Research, Sangli Road, Islampur, Maharashtra
3Department of Orthopaedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, 416416, Maharashtra, India
3Department of Orthopaedics, Prakash Institute of Medical Science and Research, Sangli Road, Islampur, 415409, Maharashtra, India
4Consultant Radiologist, ESIC PGIMSR, New Delhi, India
*Corresponding Author: Gautam Taralekar, Department of Orthopaedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, 416416, Maharashtra, India
Received: 13 December 2020; Accepted: 04 January 2020; Published: 11 January 2021
Citation: Kedar Gorad, Vaidyanath Rahate, Girish Shinde, Gautam Taralekar, Vinod Prabhu, Lokesh Singh. Use of Southampton Scoring for Wound Healing in Post-surgical Patients: Our Experience in Semi-urban Setup. Archives of Clinical and Biomedical Research 5 (2021): 36-41.
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Objective: Study of use of Southampton Scoring for wound healing in post-surgical patients. Introduction: Post-operative wound infection is defined as ‘surgical site infection from 0-30 days after surgery, or infection to surgical site till one year in cases of implants like mesh, vascular grafts, orthopedic implants and prosthesis [1]. This study was planned to assess the usefulness of Southampton scoring in post-surgical wounds in semi-urban set up.
Methods: This study of post-surgical wound infection was carried out from November 2019 to June 2020. The study is of 140 patients who underwent surgery. Out of 140, 112 were male and 28 were female patients. Southampton grading system from I to V were applied to all post-surgical wounds.
Results: 95% patients had normal healing (grade 0 or I), 2.5% had minor complications (grade II or III), 2.5% patients had major complication (grade IV or V) recorded during hospital stay.
Conclusion: Southampton scoring for wound healing in post-surgical patients is useful.
Keywords
Southampton scoring; Surgical site infection
Southampton scoring articles; Surgical site infection articles
Article Details
Introduction
Post-operative wound infection is defined as ‘surgical site infection from 0-30 days after surgery, or infection to surgical site till one year in cases of implants like mesh, vascular grafts, orthopaedic implants and prosthesis’[1]. These infections still remain a very prominent cause of both morbidity and mortality in admitted patients inspite of the ever- growing advances in the field of infection control [2]. It is believed that the infection rate after clean surgery is an appropriate indicator of surgical performance. For this purpose, good surgical wounds were identified using Southampton Scoring system [3]. Feedback of the data involving post-surgical wound status has been identified as an important strategical factor in reducing the risk of surgical site infections [4]. Thus, we wanted to see the usefulness of Southampton scoring in post-surgical wounds in semi-urban set up.
Material and methods
This prospective study of post-operative wound infection was carried out in Bharati Hospital in the Department of Surgery from November 2019 to June 2020. The study population consisted of 140 patients who underwent surgery. It was decided that the patients who required mesh or vascular grafts were to be excluded from this particular study as the follow up for these required to be taken for a year. Thus the inclusion criteria considered patients who underwent surgery without any implants. All patients were investigated for pre-operative investigations like hemogram, urinary examination, blood sugar, blood urea level, serum creatinine. Conventional x-rays and other special investigations were done, depending upon the case as per the requirements. Operative intervention either emergency or elective was planned for all these patients.
The patients were distributed in four categories as
Class 1 - Clean wound
Class 2 - Clean-contaminated wound
Class 3 - Contaminated wound
Class 4 - Dirty-Infected wound
Classification of Surgical Wounds
Classification of surgical wounds was important to anticipate complications and also to plan appropriate line of treatment [5].
Class I/Clean - This category includes an uninfected clean operative wound in which there is no inflammation. The respiratory, alimentary, genital, or uninfected urinary tract is not entered. Operative incisional wounds that follow blunt trauma are also included in this.
Example: Abdominal incision from primary closure of exploratory surgery for repair of splenic laceration following blunt trauma
Class II/Clean - Contaminated this category includes an operative wound in which the respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract is entered under controlled conditions and without major contamination. Specifically, operations involving the biliary tract, appendix, vagina, and oropharynx are included in this category, provided no evidence of infection or major lacuna in sterile technique is encountered.
Example: Tonsillectomy
Class III/Contaminated - This class contains open, fresh, accidental wounds, as well as surgeries with major lacunas in sterile technique (e.g., open cardiac massage) or gross spillage from the gastrointestinal tract, and incisions in which acute, non-purulent inflammation is encountered. Open traumatic wounds that are more than 12-24 hours old are also included in this category.
Example: Hemorrhoidectomy
Class IV/Dirty-Infected - This class describes an incision created during an operation in which the viscera are perforated or when acute inflammation with pus is encountered during the operation (e.g., emergency surgery for peritonitis from gross fecal contamination), as well as delayed presentation of traumatic wounds with existing contamination and devitalized tissue.
Presence of the organism prior to the surgery, causing the infection post operatively is what this definition suggests.
Example: Chronic wound debridement
Southampton wound-grading system
This wound grading system was used to grade the severity of the post-surgical wound infection. (Bailey IS et al) [6].
Grade |
Appearance |
0 |
Normal healing |
I |
Normal healing with mild bruising and/or erythema |
Ia |
Some bruising |
Ib |
Considerable bruising |
Ic |
Mild erythema |
II |
Erythema and other signs of inflammation |
IIa |
At only one point |
IIb |
Around sutures |
IIc |
Along Wound |
IId |
Around wound |
III |
Clear/serous/bloody discharge |
IIIa |
At only one point (</= 2cm) |
IIIb |
Along the wound (> 2cm) |
IIIc |
Large volume |
IIId |
Prolonged (> 3 days) |
Major complication |
|
IV |
Pus |
Iva |
At one point only (</= 2cm) |
IVb |
Along wound (>2cm) |
V |
Deep/Severe wound infection with or without tissue breakdown |
Results
In present study based on our inclusion criteria, total 140 operated patients were taken for analysis who underwent surgery (105 elective surgeries and 35 emergency surgeries). Post-operative wound infection (SSIs) was found in 14 patients out of 140 patients with an overall post-operative wound infection rate of 10%. Post-operative wound infection was found in 9 patients out of 105 elective surgery patients and in 5 out of 35 patients who underwent emergency surgery.
Post-operative wound infection was more in male patients [11 out of 112(12.55%)] as compared to female [3 out of 28 (10.92%)]. In males, Post-operative wound infection was found to be more as compared to females probably due to high exposure of environmental conditions and associated risk factors including purposeful negligence towards healthy nutrition [7].
Significant association was observed between the nature of surgery and the grade of the surgical wound according to the Southampton System. We concluded that, with the increasing grades of the wounds, the rate of post op wound infection increased. This was similarly found in the clean to contaminated nature of surgery and this was statistically significant with a P value <0.001 [6-8].
In our present study due to severity of the cases, longer post–operative stay in hospital was the most important factor contributing to the morbidity. It was the most in grade V (30.6 days) as compared to grade IV (24.2), III (14.2), II (10.5) and I (10). It was also noted that the average stay in hospital was found to be more in contaminated nature of surgery (21.33days) as compared to clean nature of surgery (10.5 days).
In our study due to severity of the cases, longer post–operative stay in hospital was the most important factor contributing to the morbidity. The number of and severity of complications were in sync with the grading; most in grade V and the least in grade I. Complications like fever, peritonitis and burst abdomen were encountered. There was no mortality.
Discussion
Although surgical site Infections have not really affected the long-term outcomes with regards to mortality or even wound dehiscence, Southampton scoring system is easy and applicable to classify surgical site infections.
Suboptimal wound management was seen to be the reason for the delay in return to their work. Proper counseling of the patients for follow-up in out-patient department can improve detection of wound problems and management. Our results were comparable with certain other studies. Some institutions and surgeons had an encouraging rate of 1.4% in one of the study [9]. But in another, it sky rocketed to 11.25% [10]. In a series we found higher rate of SSI of around 17% [11]and another noted an infection rate of 4.4% [12].
Conclusion
A definite association was identified between the wound grading system of Southampton and the nature of surgery. We concluded that, with the increasing grades of the wounds, the rate of post op wound infection increased. This was similarly found in the clean to contaminated nature of surgery and this was statistically significant with a P value <0.001. The limitation of this study was that it was a single centric study with a sample size of 140.
Large multicentric studies will be required to establish the strength of the association between Southampton scoring system and its authenticity to determine the surgical outcome.
Financial Support and Sponsorship:
Nil
Conflict of Interest:
There was no conflict of interests.
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