Article Information

Sobhy M. El-Adl¹, Mohamed El.Hossinny El-Sadek¹, Nariman M. Saeed^2*

¹Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
²Pharmacist, Ministry of Health, Egypt

^*Corresponding Author: Nariman M. Saeed, Pharmacist, Ministry of Health, Egypt, Tel: (20-2) 7951821;

Received:  17 January 2018; Accepted: 30 January 2018; Published: 01 February 2018

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Abstract

Keywords

Spectrofluorometric; Dansyl chloride; Lisinopril; Methyldopa

Article Details

1. Introduction

Lisinopril dihydrate [LIS] (S)-1-[N2-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-lysyl-proline dihydrate (Figure 1). It has a molecular formula of C21H31N3O5 .2H2O and a molecular weight of 441.52 g/mol, official in BP and USP [1-2]. Lisinopril is non sulfhydryl long-acting angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used as antihypertensive agent, prophylactic after myocardial infarction, it exerts a haemodynamic action and allows natriuresis, it was also found to be useful in preventing diabetic retinopathy [3-4]. Several analytical methods, including spectrophotometric methods [5-7], spectrofluorometric [8-10], chromatographic methods [11-14], polarographic methods [15] and titrimetric method [16] have already been reported for its determination alone or in combination with other drugs. Methyl-dopa [MD] L-3-(3, 4- Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalanine sesquihydrate (Figure 1), it is a catechol derivative with a molecular formula of C10H13NO4.1 ½ H2O and a molecular weight of 238.24 g/mol, official in USP [2]. “It is the drug of choice for hypertension in pregnancy”. It acts centrally on alpha2-adrenoreceptor leading to a decrease in sympathetic tone causing blood pressure fall [3]. Several analytical methods, including spectrophotometric methods [17-22], spectrofluorometric [23], chromatographic methods [24, 25], titrimetric method [26] and Volta metric method [27] have been reported for its determination alone or in combination.

2. Experimental

2.1. Apparatus

1. Fluorescence measurements were carried out on a FP-6300 spectro-fluorimeter (Jasco, Japan) equipped with a 150 W xenon lamp and 1 cm quartz cells.
2. Consort P400® digital pH-meter for pH adjustment.

  2.2. Materials and reagents

All solvents and reagents used throughout the work were of analytical grade and double distilled water was used.
Lisinopril pure authentic sample (99%, purity) was kindly supplied by Rameda, Egypt.
Sinopril® tablets, labeled to contain 10 mg of lisinopril, batch no. b23205 (GNP, Egypt).
Methyl dopa pure authentic sample (99.6%, purity) was kindly supplied by Eipico, Egypt.
Aldomet ® tablets, labeled to contain 250mg of Methyldopa batch no. S420171 (KAHIRA, Egypt).
Dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) was purchased from Cornell Lab Company, solution of DNS-Cl was freshly prepared at 3.0 mg/ml in acetone. (Stable for one week).
Sodium hydroxide was purchased from Research lab fine chemical industry, solution of NaOH was freshly prepared at 20 mg/ml in distilled water and pH was adjusted by 1M of (34%) HCl to 8.5.

2.3. General procedures

2.3.1. Preparation of stock standard drug solution: A stock standard solution of lisinopril (1mg/ml) was prepared by weighing accurately 0.1 gm of pure drug and dissolving in 100 ml distilled water. stock standard solution of methyl dopa (1mg/ml) was prepared by weighing accurately 0.1 gm of pure drug and dissolving in 100 ml methanol.

2.3.2. Preparation of working standard solution and construction of calibration curve: Aliqout containing from 1 to 25 ?g/mL of (LIS) and (MD) was prepared by transferring certain increasing volume from each drug to a series of 10 ml volumetric flasks, followed by adding 0.3 ml of standard NaOH, mixed well, then 0.5 ml of standard (DNS-Cl) solution was added, mixed and left for 30 minutes for [LIS] and 35 minutes for [MD] in dark at 35 °C. The flasks were then cooled and the volume was completed to10 ml with methanol. The fluorescence intensity of the resulting solution was measured at 511 and 516 nm for (LIS) and (MD) respectively after excitation at 323 nm against reagent blank that had been treated similarly. The fluorescence intensity was plotted versus the final drug concentrations to get the calibration curve. The corresponding regression equation was computed.

2.4. Application on pharmaceutical preparations

Ten tablets of Sinopril® and five tablets of Aldomet® were crushed, powdered and the average weight of one tablet was determined. Then specific weight from each powdered drug equivelant to 100 mg was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water for sinopril® and methanol for aldomet® then filtered through whatman filter paper to give a final stock concentration of 1mg/ml for each drug. Working solutions were prepared by serial dilution from stock solution. The procedures were then completed as previously mentioned using standard addition technique.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Fluorescence spectra

Both (LIS) and (MD) possess amino groups which have the ability to react with dansyl chloride in alkaline medium resulted in formation of a high fluorescent product, while the reagent blank exhibited a weak fluorescence intensity at the selected excitation and emission wavelengths under the optimized experimental conditions. Scheme 1 and 2) illustrates the suggested reaction path way for both drugs with dansyl chloride. Figure 2 and 3 explain the Fluorescence spectra for both drugs.

3.2. Optimization of reaction conditions

Different experimental factors including pH, volume of buffer, amounts of reagent, temperature and reaction time were studied and optimized by changing each factor individually keeping the others constant.

3.2.1. Effect of pH: The influence of pH on the fluorescence intensity of the reaction product was examined using sodium hydroxide solution over the pH range from 6 to 11.0 since DNS-Cl reacts under alkaline conditions. The maximum fluorescence intensity was obtained when the reaction was carried out with NaOH solution of pH 8.5. Figure 4 illustrate the effect of pH. 

3.2.2. Effect of sodium hydroxide volume: The influence of volume of NaOH on the fluorescence intensity of the reaction product was examined using different volume over the range from 0.1 to 0.7 ml. Maximum fluorescence intensity was obtained when the reaction was carried out using 0.3 ml NaOH solution of pH 8.5 as shown in Figure 5.

3.2.3. Effect of dansyl chloride volume: The influence of the volume of dansyl chloride solution was examined by addition of different volumes of 3.0 mg/ml reagent in the range of 0.2 to 1 ml. A maximum fluorescence intensity was obtained when 0.5 ml of dansyl chloride solution was utilized as depicted in Figure 6.

3.2.4. Effect of time and temperature: In this study, the reaction between the two drugs and dansyl chloride was performed using pH 8.5 at different temperatures (25°C, 35°C, 40°C, and 50°C) for various time intervals (10, 20, 30, 35 and 40 min). As it is seen in Figure 7 and 8, the reaction was found to be completed after 30 and 35 min for (LIS) and (MD) respectively at 35°C.

3.3. Stoichiometry of the reaction

The molar ratio of the reagent and the two drugs in the reaction was studied by using the continuous variation method (Job ?s method) [28]. The molar ratio was found to be 1:2 (drug: reagent) and 1:1 (drug: reagent) for Lisinopril and methyl- dopa respectively as seen in Figure 9.

3.4. Method validation

The validity of the proposed method was tested regarding linearity, range, limits of detection, limits of quantification, accuracy, precision, robustness and specificity according to ICH recommendations [29].

3.4.1. Linearity: Under the optimum experimental conditions, standard calibration curves were constructed at five concentration levels by plotting the values of florescence intensity versus the final concentrations (?g/ml) as shown in Figure 10. The correlation coefficient was 0.9999 and 0.9997 for (LIS) and (MD) respectively, indicating good

linearity over the concentration range of 3.0 to 20.0 and 7.0 to 25.0 ?g/ml for (LIS) and (MD) respectively. The intercept, slope, Correlation coefficient for the calibration data are summarized in Table 1. Calibration graph is described by the equation (Y= a+bX), (Where Y= florescence intensity, a= intercept, b= slope and X= concentration in ?g.ml-1).

Parameters		Lisinopril	Methyl dopa
Excitation wave length, nm		323	323
Emission wave length, nm		511	516
pH		8.5	8.5
Volume of NaoH (ml)		0.3	0.3
(DNS-Cl) volume (ml)		0.5	0.5
Time for derivatization reaction		30	35
Temperature (oC)		35 ± 2°C	35 ± 2°C
Solvent		water	Methanol
Beer’s law limits (µg.ml-1)		3-20	7-25
Regression equation*	Slope (b)	1.0815	79.373
	Intercept (a)	21.553	27.17
Correlation coefficient		0.9999	0.9997

Table 1: Statistical and analytical parameters of (LIS) and (MD) determination.

3.4.2. Limits of detection and limits of quantification: The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated according to the equation [LOD = 3.3 S /K]. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was calculated by the equation [LOQ = 10 S/K] Where S is the standard deviation of the three replicate determination and K is the slope of calibration graph. The results are summarized in Table 2.

Parameters	Lisinopril			Methyl dopa
	Conc.taken	Conc.found	Recovery %	Conc.taken	Conc.found	Recovery %
	µg/ml	µg/ml		µg/ml	µg/ml
	3	2.959	98.64	7	6.8779	98.2559
	5	5.03788	100.757	10	10.124	101.241
	10	10.0506	100.506	15	15.0958	100.638
	15	14.922	99.482	20	19.8757	99.3785
	20	20.0288	100.144	25	25.0266	100.106
Mean*			99.9			99.92
N			5			5
SD			0.85			1.1575
RSD			0.85			1.1584
SE			0.427			0.5787
Variance			0.729			1.3399
LOD,µgml-1			0.264			0.2097
LOQ,µgml-1			0.88			0.699
Apparent Molar absorptivity**			9435577			4957090
L Mol-1 cm-1

         *Mean of three different experiments; ** Calculated in the basis of molecular weight of the drug.

Table 2: Statistical data for the reaction of lisinopril and methyl dopa with dansyl chloride.

3.4.3. Accuracy and precision: Accuracy of the proposed methods was checked by performing recovery experiments through standard addition technique. The results are shown in Table 3 indicates good accuracy. The precision of the method was calculated in term of intermediate precision (intraday and inter-day). Three different concentrations five times of lisinopril and methyl dopa were analyzed during the same day (intra-day precision) and five consecutive days (inter-day precision). The standard analytical errors, relative standard deviations (RSD) and recoveries obtained by the proposed method were found to be acceptable. The results are summarized in Table 4.

 *Mean of three different experiments.

Table 3: Application of standard addition technique for the determination of Sinopril ® and Aldomet® tablets form through reaction with DNS-Cl.

Table 4: Results of the intraday and inter-day precision for the determination of lisinopril and methyl dopa using DNS-Cl.

3.4.5. Robustness: Robustness was achieved by making small incremental change in volume of sodium hydroxide and volume of reagent. The effect of changes was studied on the percent recovery of drugs proved that all changes had a negligible influence on the results as seen in Table 5.

Table 5: Results of the robustness for the determination of lisinopril and methyl dopa using DNS-Cl.

3.4.6. Analysis of pharmaceutical preparations: The proposed methods were applied to the analysis of the drug in dosage forms and the results were statistically compared with reported reference methods by calculating Student’s t- and F-values. The evaluated t-and F-values were less than the tabulated values at the 95% confidence level. Results listed in Table 6 showing that there is no statistical significance difference between the proposed and reference methods.

 * Average of three experiments; a and b are Theoretical Student t-values and F- ratio at p=0.05.

Table 6: Statistical data for the determination of pharmaceutical tablets Sinopril® and Aldomet® through the proposed methods using DNS-Cl compared with the reference methods.

4. Conclusion

The proposed method was simple, fast, selective, sensitive, specific, reproducible and not very expensive. Validation experiments proved that results were linear over the mentioned working range. No interference was observed from the described drugs and their common excipients. Also there was no need for extraction procedure.

5. Acknowledgment

Authors are grateful to all members of staff of Medicinal chemistry department (Zagazig University) also to all members of staff of analytical chemistry department and laboratories staff (Tanta University)

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