Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure

Article Information

Muhammad Adnan Haider1, Qianlan Xi2, Muhammad Hanif3, Mukarram Jamat Ali4*, Muhammad Umer Ahmed5, Sundas3, Muhammad Aslam Khan1, Qalb Khan6, Gul Muhammad Memon7, Izhan Ali Khan8

1Department of Internal Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

2Department of Internal Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

3Department of Internal Medicine, Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

4Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan

5Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University and hospital, Ziauddin Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan

6Hospitalist physician, WellSpan GoodSam Hospital, Lebanon, United States

7Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan

8Department of Internal Medicine, Dow university of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: Mukarram Jamat Ali, Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan

Received: 16 May 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020; Published: 4 June 2020

Citation:

Muhammad Adnan Haider, Qianlan Xi, Muhammad Hanif, Mukarram Jamat Ali, Muhammad Umer Ahmed, Sundas, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Qalb Khan, Gul Muhammad Memon, Izhan Ali Khan. Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure. Archives of Internal Medicine Research 3 (2020): 136-140.

Share at Facebook

Abstract

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors belong to a new class of anti-diabetic medications that decrease blood glucose levels by increased urinary glucose excretion, along with increased sodium excretion (natriuresis) and diuresis. We reviewed current clinical and animal studies to evaluate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in patient with heart failure and unfolded the numerous important positive roles that SGLT2 inhibitors play to decrease heart-failure related hospitalization, heart-failure related mortality, to prevent new-onset cardiac failure and to improve cardiac failure with normal ejection fraction. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved dapagliflozin (a SGLT2 inhibitor) to treat patients with heart failure.

Keywords

Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Heart Failure, Diabetes Mellitus

Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors articles, Dapagliflozin articles, Empagliflozin articles, Heart Failure articles, Diabetes Mellitus articles

Article Details

1. Introduction

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of anti-diabetic medications that decrease blood glucose levels by increased urinary glucose excretion, with complementary diuresis and natriuresis [1]. Theses are one of the few anti-diabetic medications which act through insulin-independent mechanism. Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome result from a structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of pumping blood to the body [2]. There is a high prevalence of HF amongst United States population with 6.6 million peoples having HF and it is forecasted to reach 8.5 million by the end of next decade [3]. We reviewed current studies and found that SGLT2 inhibitors play a critical role in heart failure.

2. Discussion

2.1 Decrease heart failure related hospitalization

Recent studies have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors can significantly lower the rates of hospitalization of heart failure. EMPA-REG investigations conducted by Zinman B, et al [4]. revealed that the rates of hospitalization for heart failure were quite lower in the empagliflozin group in comparison to placebo group (2.7% versus 4.1%; 35% relative risk reduction). Canagliflozin was also reported to reduce the hospitalization of heart failure from 8.7%0 to 5.5%0(Hazard ratio 0.67) form CANVAS trial [5]. Similarly, dapagliflozin also reduced hospitalization of heart failure (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% CI, 0.61-0.88) from the DECLARE-TIMI study [6]. In a meta-analysis by Zelniker TA, et al, [7] it was concluded that a 23% reduction in the risk of hospitalization occurs with SGLT2 inhibitors and with similar benefit in patients with and without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and with and without a history of heart failure. In the CVD-REAL study, use of SGLT2 inhibitors, versus other glucose-lowering drugs, was also associated with lower rates of HHF (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.73; P<0.001) [8]. In addition, Milton Packer analyzed that the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction were not influenced by background therapy and has an independent beneficial effect in reducing heart failure related mortality [9].

2.2 Decrease heart failure related mortality

Bassi NS, et al. [10] used published sources to estimate the US population of patients with HFrEF eligible for SGLT2-inhibitor’s therapy and the numbers needed to treat, to prevent or postpone overt death. They found that optimal implementation of SGLT2 inhibitors therapy was empirically estimated to prevent up to 34,125 deaths per year (range 21840-49140 deaths per year). Thus with the optimum use of SGLT2 inhibitors, a large number of deaths could be prevented. The CVD-REALU study [8] also revealed that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors, versus other glucose-lowering drugs, was associated with lower rates of death (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.57; P<0.001) and heart-failure related hospitalization or death (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.60; P<0.001) with no significant heterogeneity by country. McMurray JJV, et al. [11] reported that the all-cause mortality rate was significantly reduced with dapagliflozin compared to the placebo (11.6 versus 13.9 percent; hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI 0.71-0.97) and death from cardiovascular causes was also significantly reduced with dapagliflozin (9.6 versus 11.5 percent; HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.69-0.98).

2.3 Heart failure prevention

Overall studies implicated that SGLT2 inhibitors could effectively attenuate left ventricular remodeling and prevent the new-onset heart failure. Pre-specified secondary analysis of Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (EMPA-REG OUTCOM) showed that empagliflozin reduced new-onset HF and hospitalization with HF [12]. Empagliflozin showed positive impact with reduction in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in a rat metabolic syndrome model with pre-diabetes [13]. In the EMPA-HEART CardioLink-6 study, Verma S, et al. [14] found an improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction with a reduction in cardiac hypertrophy (measured as cardiac mass) with empagliflozin treatment. Yurista SR, et al. [15] reported an improvement in cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI) with left ventricular dysfunction in non-diabetic rats after the use of of empagliflozin.

2.4 Diastolic function improvement

Concurrent studies have demonstrated the role of the SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention and management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, for which no current treatments have demonstrated any impact to reduce mortality. From a study including 42 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Otagaki M, et al. [16] found that addition of tofogliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a positive impact on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Chrysant SG, et al. [17] also demonstrated that SGLT2 inhibitors (because they cause natriuresis and dieresis) could be a good choice to treat patients with HFpEF alone or in combination with diuretics and other drugs. Kolijin D, et al. [18] reported that acute empagliflozin in human and rat HFpEF myocardium reduces inflammatory/oxidative stress and improves the NO-sGC-cGMP-cascade and PKGIα activity via reduced PKGIα oxidation. Consequently, leading to improved cardiomyocyte function via PKGIα and its concomitant anti-oxidative effect. Cappetta D, et al. [19] also found that dapagliflozin improves diastolic function and exerts a positive effect on the myocardium, possibly targeting coronary endothelium. Empagliflozin therapy is also reported to improve cardiac function (both systolic and diastolic) in experimental myocardial infarction in rat as compared to vehicle therapy (p<0.05). Moreover, the animals treated only with vehicle had hypertrophy of myocytes along with cardiac fibrosis [20].

3. Conclusion

Given the aforementioned literature, the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in decreasing heart failure related hospitalization; decreasing heart failure related deaths; preventing of new onset heart failure and improving heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, has become quite obvious. Acknowledging the clinical trials’ results depicting the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved Dapagliflozin for patients with heart failure [21]. The additional benefit of this drug is that it has been prescribed in patient with Diabetes Mellitus for years with high efficacy and minimal side effects like urinary tract infections.

Conflict of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

There were no such funding for this research study.

References

  1. Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Metabolic effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: A review of the clinical evidence. Diabetes Metab 40 (2014): S4-S11.
  2. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 128 (2013): 1810-1852.
  3. Heiderreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, et al. Forcasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail 6 (2013): 606- 619.
  4. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 373 (2015): 2117-2128.
  5. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 377 (2017): 644-657.
  6. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 380 (2019): 347-357.
  7. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet 393 (2019): 31-39.
  8. Kosiborod M, Cavender MA, Fu AZ, et al. Lower Risk of Heart Failure and Death in Patients Initiated on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Versus Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs: The CVD-REAL Study (Comparative Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Outcomes in New Users of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors). Circulation 136 (2017): 249-259.
  9. Packer M. Are the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction influenced by background therapy? Expectations and realities of a new standard of care. Eur Heart J (2020): ehaa344.
  10. Bassi NS, Ziaeian B, Yancy CW, et al. Association of Optimal Implementation of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Therapy With Outcome for Patients With Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol (2020).
  11. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 381 (2019): 1995-2008.
  12. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 373 (2015): 2117-2128.
  13. Kusaka H, Koibuchi N, Hasegawa Y, et al. Empagliflozin lessened cardiac injury and reduced visceral adipocyte hypertrophy in prediabetic rats with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 15 (2016): 157.
  14. Verma S, Mazer CD, Yan AT, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the EMPA-HEART CardioLink-6 randomized clinical trial. Circulation 140 (2019): 1693-1702.
  15. Yurista SR, Silljé HHW, Oberdorf-Maass SU, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin improves cardiac function in non-diabetic rats with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail 21 (2019): 862-873.
  16. Otagaki M, Matsumura K, Kin H, et al. Effect of Tofogliflozin on Systolic and Diastolic Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 33 (2019): 435-442.
  17. Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: new treatment strategies. Hosp Pract (1995) 47 (2019): 67-72.
  18. Kolijn D, Pabel S, Tian Y, et al. Empagliflozin improves endothelial and cardiomyocyte function in human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction via reduced pro-inflammatory-oxidative pathways and protein kinase Gα oxidation. Cardiovasc Res (2020): cvaa123.
  19. Cappetta D, Angelis A, Ciuffreda LP, et al. Amelioration of diastolic dysfunction by dapagliflozin in a non-diabetic model involves coronary endothelium. Pharmacol Res (2020): 104781.
  20. Connelly KA, Zhang Y, Desjardins JF, et al. Load-independent effects of empagliflozin contribute to improved cardiac function in experimental heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 19 (2020): 13.
  21. Melillo G. FDA Approves Dapagliflozin to Treat Heart Failure, Breaking New Ground in SGLT2 Competition. American Journal of Managed Care (2020): 1.

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved