Arsenic Causing Gallbladder Cancer Disease near the Himalayan bound Rivers in Bihar: A Case study of Gallbladder Cancer
Article Information
Arun Kumar1*, Ravi C2, Sameer Dhingra2, Krishna Murti2, Mohammad Ali1, Ashok Kumar Ghosh1
1Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar India
2National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
*Corresponding Author: Arun Kumar, Senior Scientist, Mahavir Cancer Sansthan & Research Centre, Patna, Bihar- 801505, India.
Received: 08 October 2022; Accepted: 31 October 2022; Published: 11 November 2022
Citation: Arun Kumar, Ravi C, Sameer Dhingra, Krishna Murti, Mohammad Ali, Ashok Kumar Ghosh. Arsenic Causing Gallbladder Cancer Disease near the Himalayan bound Rivers in Bihar: A Case study of Gallbladder Cancer. Journal of Cancer Science and Clinical Therapeutics 6 (2022): 388-391.
Share at FacebookAbstract
A Gallbladder cancer patient was studied for the etiology of the risk factors, in which it was observed that, the patient was with the disease in very advanced stage and had arsenic contamination in his biological samples more than the permissible limit. Moreover, during the time of his diagnosis he was consuming arsenic contaminated water, more than the WHO permissible limit of 10μg/L. The patient’s household was also in the vicinity of two Himalayan bound rivers. The study correlates that arsenic could be the probable cause of the Gallbladder cancer disease in the patient. Furthermore, studies are also required to establish the link between them.
Keywords
Arsenic Poisoning; Himalayan Bound Rivers; Gallbladder Cancer
Arsenic Poisoning articles; Himalayan Bound Rivers articles; Gallbladder Cancer articles
Arsenic Poisoning articles Arsenic Poisoning Research articles Arsenic Poisoning review articles Arsenic Poisoning PubMed articles Arsenic Poisoning PubMed Central articles Arsenic Poisoning 2023 articles Arsenic Poisoning 2024 articles Arsenic Poisoning Scopus articles Arsenic Poisoning impact factor journals Arsenic Poisoning Scopus journals Arsenic Poisoning PubMed journals Arsenic Poisoning medical journals Arsenic Poisoning free journals Arsenic Poisoning best journals Arsenic Poisoning top journals Arsenic Poisoning free medical journals Arsenic Poisoning famous journals Arsenic Poisoning Google Scholar indexed journals Himalayan Bound Rivers articles Himalayan Bound Rivers Research articles Himalayan Bound Rivers review articles Himalayan Bound Rivers PubMed articles Himalayan Bound Rivers PubMed Central articles Himalayan Bound Rivers 2023 articles Himalayan Bound Rivers 2024 articles Himalayan Bound Rivers Scopus articles Himalayan Bound Rivers impact factor journals Himalayan Bound Rivers Scopus journals Himalayan Bound Rivers PubMed journals Himalayan Bound Rivers medical journals Himalayan Bound Rivers free journals Himalayan Bound Rivers best journals Himalayan Bound Rivers top journals Himalayan Bound Rivers free medical journals Himalayan Bound Rivers famous journals Himalayan Bound Rivers Google Scholar indexed journals Gallbladder Cancer articles Gallbladder Cancer Research articles Gallbladder Cancer review articles Gallbladder Cancer PubMed articles Gallbladder Cancer PubMed Central articles Gallbladder Cancer 2023 articles Gallbladder Cancer 2024 articles Gallbladder Cancer Scopus articles Gallbladder Cancer impact factor journals Gallbladder Cancer Scopus journals Gallbladder Cancer PubMed journals Gallbladder Cancer medical journals Gallbladder Cancer free journals Gallbladder Cancer best journals Gallbladder Cancer top journals Gallbladder Cancer free medical journals Gallbladder Cancer famous journals Gallbladder Cancer Google Scholar indexed journals malignancy articles malignancy Research articles malignancy review articles malignancy PubMed articles malignancy PubMed Central articles malignancy 2023 articles malignancy 2024 articles malignancy Scopus articles malignancy impact factor journals malignancy Scopus journals malignancy PubMed journals malignancy medical journals malignancy free journals malignancy best journals malignancy top journals malignancy free medical journals malignancy famous journals malignancy Google Scholar indexed journals biliary tree cancers articles biliary tree cancers Research articles biliary tree cancers review articles biliary tree cancers PubMed articles biliary tree cancers PubMed Central articles biliary tree cancers 2023 articles biliary tree cancers 2024 articles biliary tree cancers Scopus articles biliary tree cancers impact factor journals biliary tree cancers Scopus journals biliary tree cancers PubMed journals biliary tree cancers medical journals biliary tree cancers free journals biliary tree cancers best journals biliary tree cancers top journals biliary tree cancers free medical journals biliary tree cancers famous journals biliary tree cancers Google Scholar indexed journals Population Based Cancer Registries articles Population Based Cancer Registries Research articles Population Based Cancer Registries review articles Population Based Cancer Registries PubMed articles Population Based Cancer Registries PubMed Central articles Population Based Cancer Registries 2023 articles Population Based Cancer Registries 2024 articles Population Based Cancer Registries Scopus articles Population Based Cancer Registries impact factor journals Population Based Cancer Registries Scopus journals Population Based Cancer Registries PubMed journals Population Based Cancer Registries medical journals Population Based Cancer Registries free journals Population Based Cancer Registries best journals Population Based Cancer Registries top journals Population Based Cancer Registries free medical journals Population Based Cancer Registries famous journals Population Based Cancer Registries Google Scholar indexed journals etiology articles etiology Research articles etiology review articles etiology PubMed articles etiology PubMed Central articles etiology 2023 articles etiology 2024 articles etiology Scopus articles etiology impact factor journals etiology Scopus journals etiology PubMed journals etiology medical journals etiology free journals etiology best journals etiology top journals etiology free medical journals etiology famous journals etiology Google Scholar indexed journals arsenic contamination articles arsenic contamination Research articles arsenic contamination review articles arsenic contamination PubMed articles arsenic contamination PubMed Central articles arsenic contamination 2023 articles arsenic contamination 2024 articles arsenic contamination Scopus articles arsenic contamination impact factor journals arsenic contamination Scopus journals arsenic contamination PubMed journals arsenic contamination medical journals arsenic contamination free journals arsenic contamination best journals arsenic contamination top journals arsenic contamination free medical journals arsenic contamination famous journals arsenic contamination Google Scholar indexed journals carcinomas articles carcinomas Research articles carcinomas review articles carcinomas PubMed articles carcinomas PubMed Central articles carcinomas 2023 articles carcinomas 2024 articles carcinomas Scopus articles carcinomas impact factor journals carcinomas Scopus journals carcinomas PubMed journals carcinomas medical journals carcinomas free journals carcinomas best journals carcinomas top journals carcinomas free medical journals carcinomas famous journals carcinomas Google Scholar indexed journals proliferation capacity articles proliferation capacity Research articles proliferation capacity review articles proliferation capacity PubMed articles proliferation capacity PubMed Central articles proliferation capacity 2023 articles proliferation capacity 2024 articles proliferation capacity Scopus articles proliferation capacity impact factor journals proliferation capacity Scopus journals proliferation capacity PubMed journals proliferation capacity medical journals proliferation capacity free journals proliferation capacity best journals proliferation capacity top journals proliferation capacity free medical journals proliferation capacity famous journals proliferation capacity Google Scholar indexed journals
Article Details
1. Introduction
Gallbladder cancer [GBC] is a lethal and aggressive malignancy among the biliary tree cancers. GBC is the third most common malignancy in gastro intestinal tract. GBC incidence rates are two times more in female subjects compared to men [1]. Gravidity and parity conditions makes more risk for females. Statistically India reports high number of cases compared to all countries together. GBC incidence rates are high in Northern Indian states compared to South Indian sates. According to the Population Based Cancer Registries [PCBR] reports [2012-14] Northern Indian females show 15 times more prevalence rates compared to the South Indian females. The age adjusted rate [AAR] for Chennai was 1.25/100000 compared to Kamrup urban district 17.5/100000 followed by Delhi 11.8/100000 [2]. Most of the studies has been claiming because of proximity of river Ganga, rich heavy metals [As, Pb, Cd] with contamination in soil and water in Indo-Gangetic region being reported with highest number of GBC incidence rates compared to all over India. High arsenic levels have significant association with incidence of GBC [3]. GBC progression follows through the metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma and invasive carcinoma in sequence. Due to asymptomatic nature of GBC disease, most of the cases are diagnosed in the last stage (Stage IV) of the disease. Radical cholecystectomy is the only option for the curative discharge of patient with GBC [4]. The overall surgical resection rates ranges 10-30 times [5]. The overall mean survival rate of patients with GBC is 6 months with a 5-years survival rate of 5% [4]. Most of the cases of GBC is diagnosed in fundus part of the Gallbladder and rest of the disease is diagnosed in the neck region and entire body of the gallbladder organ [6]. According to the cancer progression site GBC is differentiated as of three types 1)Adenocarcinoma [AC] 2) Squamous cell carcinoma [SC] 3) Adeno-squamous cell carcinoma [ASC]. Adenocarcinoma represents most frequent histological subtype in 90-95% of the cases. In contrast adeno-squamous and squamous cell carcinomas are relatively rare [7,8]. Adeno-squamous cell carcinoma was the squamous differentiation in adenocarcinoma [9]. ASC and AC both type of carcinomas share the same demographic and clinical features including –symptoms, cholelithiasis, and biochemical investigations. ASC is having high proliferation capacity and poorer prognosis. ASC poorer prognosis is due to diagnosis of this disease at the advanced stage and moreover large size of the tumour [10,11]. The present study emphasizes a rare case of 45 years old male patient with large sized Adeno-squamous cell carcinoma of Gallbladder with lung metastasis.
2. Case Report
A 53 years male patient was registered in our institute with a clinical history of pain at the right side of the abdomen radiating to the thorax region for one month. There was no history of fever, jaundice or any other systemic illness. Patient nutritional status was average, Body Mass Index [BMI] was normal with 20.7 kg/m2. There was no personal addiction of tobacco and alcohol. No family history of any systemic illness or any cancer case. Patient residence was Tegahri [village], Thakurganj [Block], and Kishanganj [District], Bihar [GPS location - 26°22'05.1"N 87°57'54.1"E].
3. Clinical Investigations
Ultra Sonography [USG] guided – Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology [FNAC], Computed Tomography [CT] scan, Renal functional test, thyroid functional test, Anti-human immune deficiency virus [HIV] test, Anti-hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus tests, blood glucose levels random and finally assessment of arsenic contamination in hair, blood and water samples of the studied subject.
4. Results
USG of abdomen showed gallbladder partly contracted with hypoechoic homogenous mass filled at the fundus and the part of the corpus. The gallbladder showed focal areas of fat plane with interface loss and common bile duct normal with caliber measuring 4.4 mm. The liver, pancreas, portal vein showed normal architecture. There was significant evidence of chronic cholycystitis. On CT scan there was irrelatively well defined mildly enhanced soft tissue speculated lesion measuring 3.4 x 3 cm in right upper lobe. Para septal emphysematous changes in bilateral upper lobe was observed. Another small soft tissue density lesion measuring 5 mm in basal region of right lower lobe was observed. Few enlarged lymph nodes in para-renal lymph nodes station, measuring 1.1cm along with few sub centimetric lymph nodes in pre-vascular lymph node station was observed and there was no evidence of bony metastasis. On cytopathology report of FNAC showed a metastatic adeno-squamous carcinoma. Other investigations of Anti- HCV, HBsAg, Anti-HIV tests was negative. Blood glucose random test results was [121mg%], thyroid functional test reports were normal. It was also observed that there was high level of arsenic [As] contamination in the patient’s blood, hair and water samples. The results showed blood arsenic contamination with 16.48 µg/L followed by hair arsenic contamination with-125.19µg/kg and water arsenic contamination with-20.2 µg /L (Figure 1). Most of the studies has been claiming the arsenic contamination in the biological samples because of proximity of river Ganga, rich with heavy metals [As, Pb, Cd] contamination in soil and water Indo-Gangetic region being reported with highest number of GBC incidence rates compared to all over India. High arsenic levels have significant association with the incidence of GBC [3].
Figure 1: Showing Arsenic Contamination in the biological samples of Gallbladder Cancer Patient.
Moreover, the patient’s household was situated near the two tributaries of river Ganges - Budhi Kanakai and Mechi (Table 1). These rivers are Himalayan bound rivers which carry lots of arsenopyrite or arsenic rich sediments in the plain region of this area which contaminating the groundwater sources (Figure 2). In the household handpump of the GBC patient, it had arsenic contamination more than the permissible limit. The patient’s biological samples also had the arsenic contamination more than the permissible limit.
S. No |
River |
Distance between the patient household and the River |
1 |
Budhi Kankai |
1.7 Km |
2 |
Mechi |
6.2 Km |
Table 1: Showing distance of rivers from the GBC patient’s household.
Figure 2: Showing GBC patient’s household and its probable cause of arsenic contamination in his groundwater source.
5. Management
Patient’s disease diagnosis was done as adeno-squamous carcinoma of gallbladder with lung metastasis. After diagnosis patient presented to the palliative therapy. Initially patient was treated with Gemcitabine [800mg] monotherapy. From 2nd cycle of chemotherapy patient was suggested for combination therapy of Gemcitabine [1400mg] and Cisplatin [55gr] D1 and D8 basis.
6. Discussion
Arsenic is an established human carcinogen. High levels of arsenic contamination in ground water could be one of the confounding factors for the cause of the GBC incidence rates. Chronic exposure to the arsenic causes cholecystitis, cholelithiasis of Gallbladder [12]. Arsenic activates the Hippo-signaling pathway which is responsible for the cell survival and cell proliferation. Hippo-signaling pathway was the reason for most of the carcinomas including skin and gallbladder [13]. In India, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam are the states reported with groundwater arsenic poisoning. These states are sharing the same Himalayan bound rivers [Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana plains] where the humans are mostly affected by groundwater arsenic poisoning in this part of Asian sub-continent [14]. Various types of skin diseases and other malignancies were observed due to arsenic toxicity including melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsal keratosis, and non- pitting Oedema to Gangrene [15]. In this study, patient was exposed to a high arsenic contamination throughout his life. There was relatively very high level of arsenic concentration in the subject’s blood and hair samples. Household hand pump water sample collected showed high concentration of arsenic with levels as 209.29 µg/L, which is more than the normal levels. According to the World Health Organization [WHO] and the U.S environmental protection agency [EPA] the recommended threshold is 10µg /L for inorganic arsenic concentration in drinking water, 1µg /L for blood arsenic. Compared to these standards, concentration what we observed is very high. As per the Central Government Groundwater Board, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India, in Bihar out of 38 districts, 22 districts are having total population nearly to 10 million were reported by arsenic ground water contamination above 50 µg/L and soil 0.05mg/l [15, 3]. Moreover, there are studies which correlate the arsenic contamination in groundwater with disease of cancer [16-22].
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre for providing the patient related information and the biological samples for arsenic assessment by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and NIPER- Hajipur for the financial assistance.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interests.
References
- Unisa S, Jagannath P, Dhir V, et al. Population-based study to estimate prevalence and determine risk factors of gallbladder diseases in the rural Gangetic basin of North India. Hpb 13 (2011): 117-125.
- Katoch VM. Three-year report of population based cancer registries 2012– 2014. Bengaluru, India: National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research–National Cancer Registry Programme (2016).
- Madhawi R, Pandey A, Raj S, et al. Geographical pattern of carcinoma gallbladder in Bihar and its association with river Ganges and arsenic levels: Retrospective individual consecutive patient data from Regional Cancer Centre. South Asian journal of cancer 7 (2018): 167.
- Hundal R, Shaffer EA. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clinical epidemiology 6 (2014): 99.
- Gupta SK, Shukla VK. Gall bladder cancer etiopathology and treatment. Health Administrator 17 (2005): 134-142.
- Lawal AO, Badmos KB, Adeyomoye AA, et al. Management challenges of ruptured adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder. Journal of Clinical Sciences 14 (2017): 98.
- Roa JC, Tapia O, Cakir A, et al. Squamous cell and adenosquamous carcinomas of the gallbladder: clinicopathological analysis of 34 cases identified in 606 carcinomas. Modern Pathology 24 (2011): 1069-1078.
- Vargas A, Rodarte-Shade M, Lopez-Garnica D. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder. Case report and literature review. HPB 19 (2017): S190.
- Nishihara K, Nagai E, Izumi Y, et al. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder: A clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and flow?cytometric study of twenty cases. Japanese journal of cancer research 85 (1994): 389-399.
- Chan KM, Yu MC, Lee WC, et al. Adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Journal of surgical oncology 95 (2007): 129-134.
- Soni M, Kaur O, Goswami S. Case report Adenosquamous Carcinoma of Gallbladder: A Large.
- Ganesan N, Bambino K, Boffetta P, et al. Exploring the potential carcinogenic role of arsenic in gallbladder cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 29 (2020): 100-109.
- Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R, et al. High Arsenic Concentration in Blood Samples of People of Village Gyaspur Mahaji, Patna, Bihar Drinking Arsenic-Contaminated Water. Exposure and Health (2019): 1-0.
- Papadopoulou P, Marouli C, Misseyanni A, editors. Environmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges. IGI Global (2019).
- Ghosh NC, Singh RD. Groundwater arsenic contamination in India: vulnerability and scope for remedy.
- Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R, et al. Arsenic exposure in Indo Gangetic plains of Bihar causing increased cancer risk. Scientific Reports 11 (2021a): 1-16.
- Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R, et al. High arsenic concentration in blood samples of people of village Gyaspur Mahaji, Patna, Bihar drinking arsenic-contaminated water. Expos Health 12 (2020): 131-140.
- Kumar A, Ali M, Rahman SM, et al. Ground water arsenic poisoning in “Tilak Rai Ka Hatta” village of Buxar district, Bihar, India causing severe health hazards and hormonal imbalance. J Environ Anal Toxicol 5 (2015a): 1-7.
- Kumar A, Kumar R, Rahman M, et al. Assessment of arsenic exposure in the population of Sabalpur village of Saran District of Bihar with mitigation approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (2021b): 43923-43934.
- Kumar A, Rahman MS, Iqubal MA, et al. Ground water arsenic contamination: A local survey in India. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 7 (2016).
- Kumar A, Rahman MS, Kumar R, et al. Arsenic contamination in groundwater causing impaired memory and intelligence in school children of Simri village of Buxar district of Bihar. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour 24 (2019): 132.
- Kumar A, Rahman MS, Ali M, et al. (2022). Assessment of disease burden in the arsenic exposed population of Chapar village of Samastipur district, Bihar, India, and related mitigation initiative. Environmental science and pollution research international 29 (2022): 27443-27459.