Article Information

Madalena Sousa Silva^*, António Carneiro, Isa Silva, Luís Miguel Pereira, Natália Fernandes

Hospital de Cascais, Alcabideche, Portugal

^*Corresponding Author: Dr. Madalena Sousa Silva, Hospital de Cascais, Alcabideche, Portugal

Received: 24 November 2019; Accepted: 04 December 2019; Published: 13 January 2020

Citation: Madalena Sousa Silva, António Carneiro, Isa Silva, Luís Miguel Pereira, Natália Fernandes. A Sleeping Giant - A Case Report of Echinococcosis. Archives of Clinical and Medical Case Reports 4 (2020): 075-079.

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Abstract

Keywords

Echinococcosis; Hepatic cyst hydatidosis; Ascites; Eosinophilia

Article Details

1. Case Report

The authors present the clinical case of an independent 90 years-old man with medical history of hypertensive and ischemic cardiopathy with heart failure; colon cancer in 2008 with complete remission and MGUS IgG/k. The patient was admitted in the medical infirmary with de novo ascites. During the course of clinical investigation some results were prominent – mild eosinophilia, hyperbilirubinemia with conjugated bilirubin elevation. The abdomen radiography showed a nodular image on the right hypochondrium (Figure 1), which was, then reviwed by computed tomography (CT scan). The CT scan revealed a 9.5 cm multiseptated cyst in the right lobe with calcified walls suggestive of hidatid cyst (Figure 2). Echinococcus granulosus serology was negative. The case was discussed in a multidisciplinary reunion and a conservative approach was adopted as the cyst was calcified. The patient was medicated for 21 days with albendazole wih resolution of eosinophilia. The etiology of ascites was associated with heart failure and resolved with diuretics.

2. Discussion

Hepatic hydatid cyst is a small spectrum of the disease produced by Echinococcus parasites. There are four species of Echinococcus that can produce disease in humans - E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, the most common; E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus, extremely rare. E. granulosus is responsible for the hepatic disease, whereas E. multilocularis is accountable for the pulmonary hydatid cyst. A definite host (usually the dog) transmits the parasite to the human (fecal-oral transmission), and, once in the blood stream it can reach and accommodate in several different organs where a cyst will be produced.

The clinical course will depend on the affected tissue due to mass effect (e.g., cough, dispnea, hemoptysis if it affects the lung; abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting in the case of hepatic cyst). The host immune response creates a fibrous capsule that evolves the cyst, and, in time becomes calcified. The major associated complication is cyst rupture that can lead to sepsis or anaphylactic shock by spreading of the cyst continent. The right lobe is the most frequently involved portion of the liver. The natural evolution of the disease is the calcification of the entire cyst, with death of the parasite. A classification system has been developed to adjust the best therapeutic option. The classification is based on the cyst ultrasound characteristics.

The diagnosis is made by image technique – ultrasound, CT or magnetic resonance – and the lesions can vary from pure cyst to completely calcified lesions. Calcification is seen in X-rays in 20-30% of hydatid cysts, shown as a ring-like hyoptransparent lesion. The serology for the Echinococcus is useful for diagnosis and to survey treatment response.

Surgical removal and anti-parasite medication is the definite treatment. The drug of choice is albendazole. The second options are mebendazole and praziquantel. Albendazol is given in a 400 mg dose two times per day. If the cyst is completely solidified it is thought to be inactive and surveillance is the best option in absence of symptoms.

WHO- Stage	Description	Stage	Size	Preferred treatment
CE 1	Unilocular unechoic cystic lesion with double line sign	Active	< 5 cm	Albendazole
			> 5 cm	Albendazole + PAIR¥
CE 2	Multiseptated, “rosette-like” “honeycomb cyst”	Active	Any	Albendazole + modified catheterization or surgery
CE 3a	Cyst with detached membranes (water-lily sign)	Transitional	< 5 cm	Albendazole + PAIR¥
			> 5 cm
CE 3b	Cyst with daughter cysts in solid matrix	Transitional	Any	Albendazole + modified catheterization or surgery
C4	Cyst with heterogenous hypoechoic/hyperechoic contents; no daughter cysts	Inactive	Any	Observation
C5	Solid plus calcified wall	Inactive	Any	Observation

¥PAIR – puncture, aspiration, injection, reaspiration; endoschopic technique

Table 1: World Health Organization classification of cystic echinococcosis and treatment stratified by cyst stage.

3. Conclusion

Hydatid cyst is an increasingly less frequent form of disease due to the awareness of animal vaccination in urban as well as rural environments. Nevertheless, it is important to remember the existence of the disease so that we can adequately treat our patients. In this clinical case, the diagnosis of hepatic cyst hydatidosis was incidental for it bared no associated symptoms nor was implied in the process of ascites. Even so, we wanted to share the interesting images as well as to highlight some aspects of the disease.

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