Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author(s): Shoaib Asghar, Haider Tanvir, Salman Shahid, Asad Riaz, Muhammad Hamza Ejaz, Mamuna Akram, Al Muktadir Chowdhury Evan

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of VDD and to identify its association with cardio-metabolic risk factors in Pakistani T2DM patients.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 260 T2DM patients from 2022 to 2023. Interviews conducted and clinical variables were measured. Blood and urine samples were sent to quantify UACR as microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria or normoalbuminuric. The levels of vitamin D were considered as a categorical dependent variable with binary outcomes including deficient and normal. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test of association were carried out followed by univariate and multiple binary logistic regression analysis.

Results: The VDD was prevalent in 64.6% (n2=168) among 260 T2DM patients. Based on significant p-value <0.05, the logistic regression analysis showed that duration of diabetes, hypertension, fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated-hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), obesity, serum creatinine and levels of albuminuria were found to be significant risk factors of VDD in T2DM patients.

Conclusion: This study found that around two-thirds of T2DM patients had a prevalence of VDD. The serum concentrations of vitamin D in T2DM patients were associated with several cardio-metabolic risk factors, including duration of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, poor glycemic control monitored with higher FBS or impaired HbA1c, levels of LDL-C in lipid profile, urinary levels of albuminuria and serum creatinine. Although further large-scale research is needed to investigate the causative relationship, controlling cardio-metabolic risk factors may be supportive in maintaining adequate serum levels of vitamin D in T2DM patients.

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