Depression among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh

Article Information

Bipula Roy1*, Mosammet Khaleda Akter2, Mohammad Nurul Anowar2, Jinnat Rehana3

1MSN student, National Institute of Advanced Nursing Education and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2Professor, National Institute of Advanced Nursing Education and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

3Lecturer, National Institute of Advanced Nursing Education and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

*Corresponding Author: Bipula Roy, MSN student, National Institute of Advanced Nursing Education and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Received: 09 March 2021; Accepted: 15 March 2021; Published: 24 March 2021

Citation: Bipula Roy, Mosammet Khaleda Akter, Mohammad Nurul Anowar, Jinnat Rehana. Depression among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders 5 (2021): 31-40.

Share at Facebook

Abstract

Background: Depression is a common psychiatric problem around the world. It is more frequent among patients with chronic illnesses in comparison to general population. It is more common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Objective: To describe the depression of CKD patients at a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh.

Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted at Department of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2019 to June 2020, among 112 CKD patients recruited by convenience sampling technique. Data were collected by face to face interview. The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was used to assess the severity of depression.

 Results: The mean age of the participants was 46.75 ( ± 14.80) years of them 60.71% were male, 39.29% female and 82.14% married. The mean Zung score of depression among CKD patients was 54.43 ( ± 6.34); from the total number of patients 80.36% had depression; of them mild depression was 61.61%, moderate depression was 19.64% and severe depression was 0.89%. A few socio demographic factors such as religious belief, unemployment, economic independency, lack of regular physical exercise along with family history of depression and duration of illness in CKD had demonstrated significant association with patient’s depression (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Depression is frequently common in CKD patients and mild depression is more common. An early diagnosis and proper treatment of depression could be helpful in improving the quality of life of CKD patients.

Keywords

Chronic illness; Chronic kidney disease (CKD); Depression; Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS)

Chronic illness articles; Chronic kidney disease (CKD) articles; Depression articles; Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) articles

Chronic illness articles Chronic illness Research articles Chronic illness review articles Chronic illness PubMed articles Chronic illness PubMed Central articles Chronic illness 2023 articles Chronic illness 2024 articles Chronic illness Scopus articles Chronic illness impact factor journals Chronic illness Scopus journals Chronic illness PubMed journals Chronic illness medical journals Chronic illness free journals Chronic illness best journals Chronic illness top journals Chronic illness free medical journals Chronic illness famous journals Chronic illness Google Scholar indexed journals Chronic kidney disease articles Chronic kidney disease Research articles Chronic kidney disease review articles Chronic kidney disease PubMed articles Chronic kidney disease PubMed Central articles Chronic kidney disease 2023 articles Chronic kidney disease 2024 articles Chronic kidney disease Scopus articles Chronic kidney disease impact factor journals Chronic kidney disease Scopus journals Chronic kidney disease PubMed journals Chronic kidney disease medical journals Chronic kidney disease free journals Chronic kidney disease best journals Chronic kidney disease top journals Chronic kidney disease free medical journals Chronic kidney disease famous journals Chronic kidney disease Google Scholar indexed journals Depression articles Depression Research articles Depression review articles Depression PubMed articles Depression PubMed Central articles Depression 2023 articles Depression 2024 articles Depression Scopus articles Depression impact factor journals Depression Scopus journals Depression PubMed journals Depression medical journals Depression free journals Depression best journals Depression top journals Depression free medical journals Depression famous journals Depression Google Scholar indexed journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Research articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale review articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale PubMed articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale PubMed Central articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale 2023 articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale 2024 articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Scopus articles Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale impact factor journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Scopus journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale PubMed journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale medical journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale free journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale best journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale top journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale free medical journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale famous journals Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Google Scholar indexed journals  cut-off scores articles  cut-off scores Research articles  cut-off scores review articles  cut-off scores PubMed articles  cut-off scores PubMed Central articles  cut-off scores 2023 articles  cut-off scores 2024 articles  cut-off scores Scopus articles  cut-off scores impact factor journals  cut-off scores Scopus journals  cut-off scores PubMed journals  cut-off scores medical journals  cut-off scores free journals  cut-off scores best journals  cut-off scores top journals  cut-off scores free medical journals  cut-off scores famous journals  cut-off scores Google Scholar indexed journals Tertiary Level  articles Tertiary Level  Research articles Tertiary Level  review articles Tertiary Level  PubMed articles Tertiary Level  PubMed Central articles Tertiary Level  2023 articles Tertiary Level  2024 articles Tertiary Level  Scopus articles Tertiary Level  impact factor journals Tertiary Level  Scopus journals Tertiary Level  PubMed journals Tertiary Level  medical journals Tertiary Level  free journals Tertiary Level  best journals Tertiary Level  top journals Tertiary Level  free medical journals Tertiary Level  famous journals Tertiary Level  Google Scholar indexed journals sleep disturbances articles sleep disturbances Research articles sleep disturbances review articles sleep disturbances PubMed articles sleep disturbances PubMed Central articles sleep disturbances 2023 articles sleep disturbances 2024 articles sleep disturbances Scopus articles sleep disturbances impact factor journals sleep disturbances Scopus journals sleep disturbances PubMed journals sleep disturbances medical journals sleep disturbances free journals sleep disturbances best journals sleep disturbances top journals sleep disturbances free medical journals sleep disturbances famous journals sleep disturbances Google Scholar indexed journals anorexia articles anorexia Research articles anorexia review articles anorexia PubMed articles anorexia PubMed Central articles anorexia 2023 articles anorexia 2024 articles anorexia Scopus articles anorexia impact factor journals anorexia Scopus journals anorexia PubMed journals anorexia medical journals anorexia free journals anorexia best journals anorexia top journals anorexia free medical journals anorexia famous journals anorexia Google Scholar indexed journals gastrointestinal disorders articles gastrointestinal disorders Research articles gastrointestinal disorders review articles gastrointestinal disorders PubMed articles gastrointestinal disorders PubMed Central articles gastrointestinal disorders 2023 articles gastrointestinal disorders 2024 articles gastrointestinal disorders Scopus articles gastrointestinal disorders impact factor journals gastrointestinal disorders Scopus journals gastrointestinal disorders PubMed journals gastrointestinal disorders medical journals gastrointestinal disorders free journals gastrointestinal disorders best journals gastrointestinal disorders top journals gastrointestinal disorders free medical journals gastrointestinal disorders famous journals gastrointestinal disorders Google Scholar indexed journals fatigue articles fatigue Research articles fatigue review articles fatigue PubMed articles fatigue PubMed Central articles fatigue 2023 articles fatigue 2024 articles fatigue Scopus articles fatigue impact factor journals fatigue Scopus journals fatigue PubMed journals fatigue medical journals fatigue free journals fatigue best journals fatigue top journals fatigue free medical journals fatigue famous journals fatigue Google Scholar indexed journals

Article Details

1. Introduction

Depression is a mental state which is marked by sadness, emptiness, hopelessness and loss of interest for most of the time [1]. It is characterized by a persistently depressed mood lasting for a minimum of two weeks [2]. Depression affects 322 million people around the world [3]. Evidence showed that depression is an important cause of disability worldwide [4]. Depression occurs more frequently in patients with chronic illness than in the general population [5]. Depression involves both cognitive and somatic features. The somatic characteristics of depression are very similar to the symptoms of uremia; such as anorexia, sleep disturbances, fatigue and gastrointestinal disorders [6]. These similarities make the recognition of depression difficult in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. CKD is a global health problem equally affecting the people of developed countries as well as developing countries. CKD causes enormous economic losses, and also triggers major challenges in regards to health. CKD is associated with increased social and psychological problems. Life-long treatment, recurrent symptoms, diet restriction, the high cost of treatment, deprived kidney function over time and limited capacity to work are some of the factors that alter the daily lifestyle and social functioning of CKD patients which may predispose them to increased risks of depression [7].

The prevalence of depression among general population ranges from 20% to 25% in women and 7% to 12% in men [8]. While the prevalence of depression among CKD patients has varied widely in different populations [9]. The reported prevalence of depression among CKD patients ranged between 20% and 46% in developed countries [10-13]. On the other hand this prevalence was 44.1% to 92.7% in developing countries [14-16]. Worldwide CKD is increasingly prevalent day by day. In Bangladesh approximately 100-120 CKD patients per million populations reach end stage renal disease (ESRD) every year [17]. The incidence of CKD is increasing rapidly in this country. But there is scarce evidence to assess the depression among CKD patients in Bangladesh.

Therefore, many cases of depression in the CKD patients remain undiagnosed and untreated. Proper screening and early diagnosis help in decreasing this burden and improve patient’s quality of life. In this background this study aimed to describe the depression of CKD patients at a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh.

2. Methods

2.1 Study design

This descriptive study was carried out to describe the depression among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients at Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical Universiy (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020. This study was approved by the ethical review committee BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

2.2 Participants

The study was carried out among 112 CKD patients who were admitted at Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical Universiy (BSMMU) hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Participants were selected by convenient sampling technique following selection criteria. Adult patients (age >18 years) of both sexes, having chronic kidney disease and willing to participate in this study were included. Renal transplant patients, patients’ having any types of malignancy, patients having previous history of any psychiatric disorder were excluded from the study.

2.3 Instruments

Two instruments were used for data collection. These were (I) Demographic Questionnaire and (II) Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS).

  1. Demographic Questionnaire: The demographic questionnaire consists of 12 items including: age, gender, marital status, education level, religious belief, occupation, monthly family income, economic dependency to others, place of residence, regular physical exercise, family history of depression, duration of illness etc.
  2. Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale: The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale which was developed by Romera et al. to assess the level of depression for patients diagnosed with depressive disorder [18]. The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale is a short, self-administered survey to quantify the depression status of a patient. There are 20 items on the scale that rate the four common characteristics of depression: the pervasive effect, the physiological equivalents, other disturbances, and psychomotor activities. There are ten positively worded and ten negatively worded questions. Each question is scored on a scale of 1-4 (a little of the time, some of the time, good part of the time, most of the time).The score ranged form 20-80. Score <50= normal range, 50-59= mild depression, 60-69= moderate depression and ≥70 severe depression.

2.4 Data collection methods

Data were collected by face-to-face interview. Before collecting data, each participant was explained about the research objectives and asked to sign the consent form only if they were willing to participate in this study. Then, each participant was requested to response particular questions of the questionnaires. Then screening of the questionnaires to check the completeness of each question was done. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained.

2.5 Data analysis

Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 23. Categorical data were presented as frequency/percentage and continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation). Statistical analyses of data were done by using independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation test and ANOVA. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

A total of one hundred twelve (112) chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were participated in this study. Their age ranged from 21 to 92 years and the mean age was 46.75 ( ± 14.80) years. Majority (60.71%) of the participants was male and most of them had religious belief (79.46 %). Among the total study participants; 83.93 % was married and more than half (62.50 %) of the study participants had higher secondary and above level of education.

Characteristics

Categories

Frequency

Percentage

Mean ± SD

Age (Year)

(Range= 21-92)

46.75 ± 14.80

Gender

Male

68

60.71

-

Female

44

39.29

Religious belief

Yes

89

79.46

-

No

23

20.54

Marital status

Unmarried

18

16.07

-

 

Married

94

83.93

Education level

Analphabet

5

4.46

-

 

Primary

11

9.83

Secondary

26

23.21

Higher Secondary and above

70

62.50

Occupation

Service

49

43.76

-

 

Business

17

15.17

Farmer

7

6.25

Unemployed

39

34.82

Family income (Min-Max) (5000-300000) BDT*

46214.29 ± 48810.24

Economic dependency to others

Dependent

Independent

52

60

46.42

53.58

-

Place of Residence

Urban

69

61.60

-

Rural

43

38.40

Regular physical exercise

Yes

41

36.60

-

No

71

63.40

Family history of depression

Yes

39

34.82

-

No

73

65.18

Duration of illness of chronic kidney disease (in month)

41.37 ± 53.07

*BDT= Bangladesh taka

Table 1: Basic data of the study participants (N=112).

The data also reveals that 43.76 % of the participants were service-holder, the mean monthly family income of the study participants was 46214.29 ( ± 48810.24) Bangladesh taka (BDT) and 53.58% was economically independent. Nearly two third (61.60 %) of the participants lived in urban areas. Regarding regular physical exercise, it was revealed that 63.40% participants were not doing regular exercise. It was found that, almost one third of the participants (34.82 %) had family history of depression and the mean duration of illness of the study participants was 41.37 ( ± 53.07) months (Table 1).

 

In this study depression was observed in 90 (80.36%) participants among total 112 CKD patients. From the total number of participants; 61.61% participants have mild depression, followed by 17.86% have moderate depression, only 0.89% have severe depression and 19.64% participants had no depression. The mean Zung score of the study participants was 54.43 ( ± 6.34) (Table 2).

Depression Level

Frequency (n)

Percentage (%)

SDS score range

No depression

22

19.64

20-49

Mild

69

61.61

50-59

Moderate

20

17.86

60-69

Severe

1

0.89

70 and above

Mean Zung score ( ± SD)

54.43 ( ± 6.34)

Table 2: Level of depression among chronic kidney disease participants (N= 112).

Relationship between different socio-demographic characteristics and depression in chronic kidney disease patients are shown in Table 3. It was observed that, there were significant relationship between some demographic characteristics and depression of CKD patients. The data analysis revealed that participants having religious belief were significantly more likely for depression (p=0.04). Unemployed participants were significantly depressed than employed participants (p=0.00). Economically independent participants were significantly more depressed than economically dependent participants (p=0.01). Participants who not doing regular physical exercise were significantly depressed than participants on regular physical exercise (p=0.01). The results indicated that participants who have no family history of depression were significantly depressed (p=0.02). The duration of illness was significantly correlated with depression among CKD patients (p=0.02). However, there were no significant relationship was observed between depression and other demographic variables of the study participants such as age (p=0.20), gender (p=0.30), marital status (p=0.39), education level (p=0.14), monthly family income (p=0.44) and place of residence (p=0.30).

Variables

Categories

Frequency

Mean ± SD

P value

Age (Years)

   

0.20*

Monthly family income, Bangladesh Taka (BDT)

   

0.44*

Gender

Male

66

53.18 ± 5.88

0.30**

Female

44

56.36 ± 6.61

Religious belief

Yes

89

54.74 ± 6.55

0.04**

No

23

53.22 ± 5.41

Marital status

Unmarried

18

52.72 ± 5.43

0.39**

Married

94

54.76 ± 6.48

Education level

Analphabet

5

54.40 ± 10.78

0.14***

Primary

11

57.09 ± 6.50

Secondary

26

56.40 ± 6.06

Higher Secondary and above

70

53.41 ± 5.95

 

Occupation

Service

49

52.20 ± 5.80

0.00***

Business

17

55.41 ± 4.65

Farmer

7

51.14 ± 4.18

Unemployed

39

57.38 ± 6.74

Place of Residence

Urban

69

55.26 ± 6.42

0.30**

Rural

43

53.09 ± 6.06

Economic dependency to others

Dependent

52

53.04 ± 5.31

0.01**

Independent

60

55.63 ± 6.94

Regular physical exercise

Yes

41

53.22 ± 5.14

0.01**

No

71

55.13 ± 6.88

Family history of depression

Yes

39

53.33 ± 5.43

0.02**

No

73

55.01 ± 6.74

Duration of illness of chronic kidney disease (in month)

0.02*

p value reached from *Pearson’s correlation test, **independent t-test, and ***ANOVA

Table 3: Relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and depression of chronic kidney disease participants (N=112).

4. Discussion

Depression is becoming a very important issue in modern society. It occurs more frequently in patients with chronic illnesses than in the general population. Due to the irreversible nature and poorer prognostic outcomes, depression is frequently common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to describe the depression of chronic kidney disease patients at a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh.

A total of one hundred twelve chronic kidney disease patients were participated in this study. Their mean age was 46.75 ( ± 14.80) years. A couple of previous studies conducted in Saudi Arabia found that the mean age of CKD patients having depression were 43.6 ( ± 15.1) years and 46.55 ( ± 12.09) years respectively which were consistent with this current study [19. 20]. However, our finding was not comparable with the study carried out in Taiwan which revealed that the mean age of participants’ was 65.70 ± 12.37 years [21]. The majority (60.71%) of our participants were male and this finding was consistent with previous studies as reported that male participants was 69.6%, 61.9% and 52% respectively [16, 19, 22]. In this study, most (82.14 %) of the participants were married; in accordance Chiang et al. found 93% married in their study population [21]. In contrast Uzzal et al. found 7.9% married subjects suffering depression in their study population [16]. In our study more than half (62.50 %) of the study participants had higher secondary and above level education; in this series one third (33.2%) of the participants was illiterate and half (50%) of them had education up to secondary school level as showed by Uzzal, et al. which was consistence with this present study [16]. Nearly two third (61.60 %) of our study participants lived in urban area; in accordance Uzzal, et al. observed that most of their study participants (64.9%) were lived in urban area [16]. The data of this study also revealed that 34.82% study participants were unemployed. While Uzzal et al. reported that 72.2% study participants were unemployed which was not comparable with this current study [16]. Regarding the physical exercise, it was observed that 63.40% of our study participants were not doing regular physical exercise; in contrast Chiang et al. found 64.1% of their study participants were regularly engaged in exercise [21]. Additionally, most of our study subjects (79.46%) having religious beliefs; nearly similar results (93.3%) were shown in a previous study [23].

There are many tools to determine the validity and optimal cut-off scores for depression. In this current study the level of depression was assessed by the Zung Self –Rating Depression Scale (SDS). It was revealed that the mean Zung score of the study participants was 54.43 ( ± 6.34) and 80.36% CKD patients categorized as depressed. This finding was consistent with previous studies as reported that depression was commonly observed among CKD patients [16, 20]. The higher prevalence of depression among CKD patients could be the huge financial burden of treatment along with uncertainties about disease consequences coupled with the fear of death and complications. On the other hand, in some previous studies it was found that depression was 23.7% and 53.50% among the CKD patients; these findings were much lower than current study [19, 24]. The possible reason may be they use different scale to score the level of depression in CKD patients. In our study mild depression was more prevalent among the study participants. This finding was consistent with a previous study [16]. But severity of depression of this study was not consistent with similar previous studies probably due to socio-economic diversity [15, 24].

Several previous studies showed different types of results related to depression with different socio-demographic variables in CKD patients. In this study religious belief, unemployment, economic independency, lack of regular physical exercise, family history of depression and duration of illness were significantly associated with depression. These findings were not comparable with related previous studies; the possible explanation could be the socio-economic, cultural and ethnic diversity [21, 22, 25].

The result of this study showed that most of the CKD patients are depressed and mild depression is more prevalent. These findings alert us to the importance of the routine screening of depression in CKD patients. An early diagnosis and proper management of depression could be helpful in improving the quality of life of CKD patients.

5.Conclusion

This study demonstrated that depression is frequently common in CKD patients. Mild depression is more frequent among CKD patients. Depression is significantly associated with different socio-demographic variables. The findings of this study may help to evaluate the CKD patients in psychological background.

Limitations of the Study

It was a single center study with a relatively small sample size.

Recommendations

A population based multi-center study with large sample size should be done for better evaluation of depression in CKD patients.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

Mosammet Khaleda Akter provided administrative support and participated in providing comments on the manuscript drafts. Mohammad Nurul Anowar contributed to the interpretation of data and providing comments on the final draft of the manuscript. Jinnat Rehana comments on the manuscript drafts. Bipula Roy was responsible for the study conception, design, data collection, data analysis, and drafting of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

References

  1. Roehr B. American psychiatric association explains DSM-5. Bmj 6 (2013): 346.
  2. Halter MJ, Varcarolis EM, editors. Varcarolis Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences (2014).
  3. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2013: a wealth of information on global public health. World Health Organization (2013).
  4. World Health Organization, World Health Organization. Ageing, Life Course Unit. WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. World Health Organization (2008).
  5. Sabaté E, Sabaté E, editors. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. World Health Organization (2003).
  6. Kimmel PL, Levy NB. Psychology and rehabilitation. Handbook of Dialysis. Daugirdas JT, Blake PG, Ing TS (2001): 413-419.
  7. Wen CP, Cheng TY, Tsai MK, et al. All-cause mortality attributable to chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study based on 462 293 adults in Taiwan. The lancet 371 (2008): 2173-2182.
  8. World Health Organization. The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. World Health Organization (2002).
  9. Kimmel PL, Peterson RA. Depression in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with dialysis: has the time to treat arrived?. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1 (2006): 349-352.
  10. Hedayati SS, Finkelstein FO. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of depression in patients with CKD. American journal of kidney diseases 54 (2009): 741-752.
  11. Watnick S, Kirwin P, Mahnensmith R, et al. The prevalence and treatment of depression among patients starting dialysis. American journal of kidney diseases 41 (2003):105-110.
  12. Hung KC, Wu CC, Chen HS, et al. Serum IL-6, albumin and comorbidities are closely correlated with symptoms of depression in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 26 (2011): 658-664.
  13. Fan L, Sarnak MJ, Tighiouart H, et al. Depression and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. American journal of nephrology 40 (2014): 12-18.
  14. Ahlawat R, Tiwari P, D'Cruz S. Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among patients of chronic kidney disease in a public tertiary care hospital in India: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation 29 (2018): 1165.
  15. Tanvir S, Butt G, Taj R. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 9 (2013): 64-67.
  16. Uzzal OK, Islam MN, Ahmed PI, et al. Depression and insomnia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Journal of Dhaka Medical College 24 (2015): 3-11.
  17. Rashid HU. Bangladesh renal registry report 1986-1996. Bang Renal J 21 (2002): 25-28.
  18. Romera I, Delgado-Cohen H, Perez T, et al. Factor analysis of the Zung self-rating depression scale in a large sample of patients with major depressive disorder in primary care. BMC psychiatry 8 (2008): 1-8.
  19. Amira O. Prevalence of symptoms of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease. Nigerian journal of clinical practice 14 (2011): 460-463.
  20. AlDukhayel A. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. International journal of health sciences 9 (2015): 9.
  21. Chiang HH, Livneh H, Yen ML, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depression among chronic kidney disease patients in Taiwan. BMC nephrology 14 (2013):1-8.
  22. Kokoszka A, Leszczy?ska K, Radzio R, et al. Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Arch Psychiatry Psychother 1 (2016): 8-13.
  23. Saha M, Faroque MO, Alam KS, et al. Chronic kidney disease specific cardiovascular risk factors among non dialytic patients with chronic kidney disease stage-v an experience of a specialized hospital. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 38 (2012): 18-22.
  24. Hawamdeh S, Almari AM, Almutairi AS, et al. Determinants and prevalence of depression in patients with chronic renal disease, and their caregivers. International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease 10 (2017): 183.
  25. Shirazian S, Grant CD, Aina O, et al. Depression in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: similarities and differences in diagnosis, epidemiology, and management. Kidney international reports 2 (2017): 94-107.

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved