Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Fish Pickle Prepared from Thai Pangus (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) during Longer Storage at Low Temperature

Article Information

Rahman MA1,2, Hossain MI1, Shikha FH1*

1Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

2WorldFish, Bangladesh and South Asia Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh

*Corresponding Author: Shikha FH, Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Received: 11 September 2019; Accepted: 26 September 2019; Published: 30 September 2019

Citation: Rahman MA, Hossain MI, Shikha FH. Changes in the Nutritional Composition of Fish Pickle Prepared from Thai Pangus (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) during Longer Storage at Low Temperature. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research 2 (2019): 299-308.

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Abstract

Processing and preservation result in nutritional quality changes in fishery products. This study designed to observe quality changes in fish pickle from Thai Pangus (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) at refrigeration (5°C to 8°C) and freezing (-20°C to -18°C) temperature in kitchen refrigerator. In fish pickle, moisture content (%) decreased from 58.20 ± 0.194 to 48.53 ± 0.345 and 58.67 ± 0.180 to 43.90 ± 0.245 at refrigeration and freezing storage, respectively after twelve months of storage. Likewise, protein content (%) decreased from 22.35 ± 0.385 to 18.85 ± 0.097 and 22.70 ± 0.141 to 14.69 ± 0.137, respectively throughout the storage period. Lipid content (%) increased up to five months of storage and then decreased gradually at refrigeration temperature, whereas at frozen temperature it increased gradually at the whole storage period. Ash content (%) increased from 4.08 ± 0.043 to 7.38 ± 0.081 and 4.83 ± 0.130 to 9.18 ± 0.085, respectively in refrigeration and freezer compartment. pH value decreased from 6.83 ± 0.040 to 4.29 ± 0.045 and from 6.79 ± 0.036 to 4.11 ± 0.045, respectively at refrigeration and frozen storage condition. Aerobic plate count (APC) reached to 6.5 × 106 CFU g-1 from 4.4 × 104 CFU g-1 at refrigeration temperature, but at freezing temperature it decreases to 6.8 × 102 CFU g-1 from 3.3 × 104 CFU g-1. This study has immense importance to satisfy consumer’s query relating to nutritional composition and longevity of fish pickle in domestic refrigerator.

Keywords

Aerobic plate count, Fishery products, Proximate composition, Storage

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Article Details

1. Introduction

1.1 Background information

In recent year’s there is a growing demand for value-added fishery products due to increased urbanization, social and cultural changes [1]. Pickling is a safe and easy method of putting up fish for short term storage. Besides, it has commercial importance in different countries in Asia and Africa [2]. In order to increase profitability development of value added products like fish pickle from low cost fish Thai Pangus (Pangasianodon hypopthalmus) could be a new era to produce and supply for human consumption in Bangladesh. In fact, value-added fishery products would bring immediate benefit to the existing fish processing industries in Bangladesh. In the peak season, the market price of Thai pangus often declines due to abundance of their production. Therefore, it would serve as a source of raw material for fish pickle that may provide a good taste and nutrition to the country and outgoing people at cheaper price. However, there is a lack of literature on the development of pickle from Thai Pangus and on the quality changes in the product during storage. Considering the facts, the present work has been designed to generate information on the changes in biochemical and microbiological composition of fish pickle stored in the kitchen refrigerator. The outcomes of this research will help processors to determine optimum processing and storage conditions for pickle prepared from Thai Pangus in order to supply premium quality product in the market.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Sample collection and experimental condition

Live Thai Pangus fishes were collected from Kamal- Ranjit (KR) Market of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Total 10 fishes were collected having weight from 1.0 to 1.2 kg. The experiments were carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Fisheries Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, BAU for a period of 12 months from November 2013 to October 2014.

2.2 Sample preparation

2.2.1 Ingredients for fish pickle: Fish pickle was prepared from the fresh fish using following ingredients (Table 1).

2.2.2 Fish pickle preparation: The detail procedure of fish pickle preparation in the laboratory is presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Ingredient name

Amount

Ingredient name

Amount

Fish muscle

500 g

Vinegar

50 ml

Chili powder

20 g

Black pepper

2 g

Turmeric powder

2 g

Pach foron

5 g

Cumin

10 g

Sugar

50 g

Onion

20 g

Salt

30 g

Garlic

80 g

Tomato sauce

30 g

Ginger

10 g

Tamarind

20 g

Cloves

2 g

Sodium benzoate

1 g

Mustard oil

150 ml

-

-

Table 1: Standard recipe for fish pickle preparation.

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Figure 1: Flow diagram of fish pickle preparation.

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Figure 2: Step by step fish pickle presentation.

2.3 Sample storage

Fish pickle was packed in glass bottles in refrigeration compartment and freezer compartment in the refrigerator. At the refrigeration compartment, storage temperature varied between 5°C and 8°C whereas at freezer compartment the temperature varied from -20°C to -18°C.

2.4 Proximate composition analysis

Monthly analysis of the samples was done. Triplicate samples were taken to carry out the experiment. Proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash) of fish pickle was tested according to the standard methods described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [3].

2.5 Determination of pH value

pH was measured at room temperature using an electronic pH meter (HANNA pH 211 Microprocessor pH Meter) with a glass electrode using expandable scale.

2.6 Determination of APC

The colonies units (CFU) were counted under a Quebec dark field colony counter (Leica, Buffalo, NY, USA) equipped with a guide plate ruled in square centimeters. Plates containing 30-300 colonies were used to calculate the bacterial load using following formula:

image

2.7 Statistical analysis

Data from different biochemical measurements were subjected to statistical analysis. Microsoft Excel Package 2010 was used to calculate mean, standard deviation of the values and relevant graphs preparation.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Proximate composition of fresh fish

Immediately after collection of the sample, proximate composition of the fresh fish was determined in the laboratory (Table 2).

3.2 Quality changes of refrigerated fish pickle

3.2.1 Moisture content (%): Moisture content (%) of fish pickle stored in refrigeration and frozen temperature decreased with the increase of storage period (Figure 3). Studies reported reduced moisture content in fresh fish immediately after frying and cooking [4-8]. According to Ninan et al. [9] the reduction in moisture content is due to deep frying and dehydration during freezing storage of the test samples.

3.2.2 Protein content (%): Like moisture, protein content in fish pickle decreased slowly with the increase of storage period during storage at refrigeration and frozen compartment (Figure 4). Water losses occurring during frying resulted in higher protein content in fried fish as compared to the raw fish fillets reported by Garcia-Arias et al. [10]. Moreover, it was reported that the protein content in fish and fishery products decrease during storage due to the denaturation of fish protein and leaching out of extractable water soluble protein fraction [11-14].

3.2.3 Lipid content (%)

Unlike moisture and protein, lipid content increased during the study period, but after five months of storage it decreased in a refrigerated pickle (Figure 5). Lipid content of fish pickle was higher than fresh fish because of absorption of oil during deep frying and the addition of high quantity mustard oil [15-16]. The findings of the present study and literature data indicating that the frying produced a higher water loss and lipid gain mainly due to the absorption of fat by fish muscle [6, 17-19].

3.2.4 Ash content (%)

In refrigeration and frozen storage condition ash content in fish pickle increased with the increase of storage period (Figure 6). Present study recorded high level of ash content in fish pickle immediately after processing than the fresh fish. This is due to moisture loss in the processed fish pickle during frying and cooking [17]. Present findings revealed that ash content in fish pickle stored in refrigeration and frozen temperature increased gradually throughout the storage period. This character of ash is related to reduction in moisture content during storage [20]. The study also identified an inverse relation between moisture content and ash content of the pickle.

3.2.5 pH value

Fish pickle was found near neutral pH value after preparation that is in the 1st month of storage (Figure 7). Erkan et al. [21] recommended pH level of 6.8 to 7.0 as the limit of acceptability for fishery products. pH of fish pickle stored under refrigeration and frozen storage was within the range. In the present study, the decrease in the pH might be due to the addition of vinegar, sodium benzoate and tamarind during processing and its gradual uptake by fish pickle. pH in prawn pickle is reduced significantly by sodium benzoate [22]. Similar decreasing trend in pH during storage of pickle was reported by Tamilselvi et al. [23] and Dhanapal et al. [24]. Tanuja and Hameed [25] recorded the pH of squilla pickle 4.46 which dropped gradually during storage.

3.2.6 Aerobic plate count (APC)

APC means the total bacterial load of the studied sample. In the present study, APC showed an inverse relation at refrigeration and frozen temperature (Table 3).

Proximate Composition

Value (%)

Moisture content

79.21 ± 1.43

Protein content

13.17 ± 0.91

Lipid content

4.00 ± 0.45

Ash content

1.60 ± 0.24

Total

98.00 ± 0.68

Table 2: Proximate composition (% in wet weight basis) of fresh Thai Pangus.

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Figure 3: Changes in moisture content (%) of fish pickle.

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Figure 4: Changes in protein content (%) of fish pickle.

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Figure 5: Changes in lipid content (%) of fish pickle.

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Figure 6: Changes in ash content (%) of fish pickle.

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Figure 7: Changes in pH value of fish pickle.

Month

APC of Fish Pickle (CFU g-1)

Refrigerated Pickle

Frozen Pickle

1st

4.4 × 104

3.3 × 104

2nd

7.1 × 104

8.5 × 103

3rd

9.1 × 104

5.3 × 103

4th

2.7 × 105

4.2 × 103

5th

4.2 × 105

3.1 × 103

6th

6.6 × 105

1.4 × 103

7th

7.5 × 105

0.9 × 103

8th

9.1 × 105

9.3 × 102

9th

1.5 × 106

8.5 × 102

10th

2.8 × 106

8.1 × 102

11th

4.9 × 106

7.3 × 102

12th

6.5 × 106

6.8 × 102

Table 3: APC of fish pickle at refrigeration and frozen storage.

Mukundan et al. [26] reported that pickle contains very low bacteria counts due to the inhibitory action of low pH and high salt content of the pickles. Chandrasekar [27] reported total plate count in fish pickle within the range of 103 to 105 CFU g-1. These are similar to the present study. Bacterial load in fish pickle was within the permissible limit of 107 [28]. In the present study, APC has increased in fish pickle stored at refrigeration temperature. This is due to that refrigeration slow down bacterial action and multiplication but can’t stop. Total bacterial count showed a gradual reduction during storage of fish pickle under frozen temperature, which is similar to the finding of Tanuja and Hameed [25]. In the case of freezing, the idea is to stop bacterial action altogether. That is why APC decreased in the present study. Abraham et al. [26] reported that he bacterial population of fish, pickles are salt and acid tolerant. They stated that freezing of fish at -18ºC is unfavorable for the growth and the survival of the microorganisms. Abraham and Setty [22] found significantly reduced bacterial growth by using sodium benzoate (0.1%) in prawn pickle. In liquid medium, the study observed an inhibitory action on the growth of lactic acid bacteria.

4. Conclusions

Fish pickle from low cost and underutilized fish can be a way to meet the nutritional demand of the growing population. There is a greater possibility of exporting fish pickle as a canned product. The present study revealed that scientific knowledge of quality changes in fish pickle during refrigerated and frozen storage will provide a basis for supplying premium quality products in the market. Pickle from Thai Pangus could be a way to food security through supplying value added products. Thai Pangus farmers will get the actual benefit due to processing of diversified value added products. The study recommends carrying out further research on the appropriate packaging of such product for local marketing and for the international markets. Also, as a new product it requires proper advertisement to make it more popular as well as to create local and export market.

Statement of Competing Interests

The authors have no competing interests.

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